References and Additional Information

Adams, W.G., 1975. Long-term effects on the health of men engaged in the manufacture of tolylene di-isocyanate. Brit J Ind Med., 32, 72-78.

AGS, 2006. Begründung zu 4-Methyl-m-phenylendiisocyanat in TRGS 900. Ausschuss für Gefahrstoffe, Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin (BAuA), Dortmund, Germany. < http://www.baua.de/nn_5846/de/Themen-von-A-Z/Gefahrstoffe/TRGS/pdf/900/900-4-methyl-m-phenylendiisocyanat.pdf > (Accessed August 2011).

Baur, X. 1995. Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis) Induced by Isocyanates. J Allergy Clin Immunol., 95, 1004-1010.

Baur, X., Albrecht, J., Huber, R.M., Kessel, R., König, G., Römmelt, H., Fruhman, G. 1982.Wirkung von Toluylene-Diisocyanat (<0,02 ppm) auf das unspeczifisch hyperreagible Bronchialsystem. Proc. 22nd Annual Meeting of the German Society of Industrial Health, pp 597-600.

Baur, X. Isocyanate hypersensitivity. III Report 10349. Manchester, U.K., International Isocyanate Institute, Inc. September, 1985.

Behr, J., Baur, X., Römmelt, H., Fruhmann, G. 1990. Diagnose des irritativ-toxischen Isozyanat-Asthmas mittels Isozyanat-Expositionstest. Pneumologie, 44, 229-231.

Budnik, L.T., Preisser, A.M., Permentier, H., Baur, X., 2012. Is Specific IgE antibody analysis feasible for the diagnosis of methylenediphenyl diisocyanate-induced occupational asthma? Int Arch Occup Environ Health, [Epub ahead of print].

Carino, M., Aliani, M., Licitra, C., Sarno, N. & Ioli, F. 1997. Death due to asthma at workplace in a diphenylmethane diisocyanate-sensitized subject. Respiration, 64, 111–113.

Center for the Polyurethanes Industry, 2012. Guidance for Working with MDI and Polymeric MDI: Things You Should Know (AX205).

Center for the Polyurethanes Industry, 2012. Guidance for Working with TDI: Things You Should Know (AX202).

Fabbri, L.M. et al.1988. Fatal asthma in a subject sensitized to toluene diisocyanate. Am Rev Respir Dis, 137, 1494-1498.

Gilbert International Limited, Bridgewater House, Whitworth Street, Manchester M1 6LT, UK; Odor Thresholds for MDI and TDI (M.A. Collins); January 2001, GIL Report #2001/A.

Hagmar, L., Stroemberg, U., Welinder, H., & Mikoczy, Z. 1993b. Incidence of cancer and exposure to toluene diisocyanate and methylene diphenyldiisocyanate: a cohort based case-referent study in the polyurethane foam manufacturing industry. Br. J. Ind. Med.. 50, 1003-7.

Hagmar, L., Welinder, H. and Mikoczy, Z. 1993a. Cancer incidence and mortality in the Swedish polyurethane foam manufacturing industry. Brit. J. Indus. Med., 50, 537-543.

Henschler, D., Assman, W., Meyer, K.O. 1962. The toxicology of the toluene diisocyanates. Arch Toxikol., 19, 364-87. Herbold, B. et al. 1998. Studies on the effect of the solvents dimethylsulfoxide and ethyleneglycoldimethylether on the mutagenicity of four types of diisocyanates in the Salmonella/microsome test. Mutation Research, 412, 167-175.

Hoymann, H.G., Buschmann, J., and Heinrich, U. 1995. Untersuchungen zur chronischen Toxizitat/Kanzerogenitat von 4,4‘-Methelen-diphenyl-diisocyanat (MDI) Forschungsbericht 116 06 084, Fraunhofer-Institut fur Toxikologie und Aerosolforschung (Fh-ITA), Hannover, Germany.

Lemiere, C., Romeo, P., Chaboillez, S., Tremblay, C., and Malo, J-L. 2002. Airway inflammation and functional changes after exposure to different concentrations of isocyanates. J Allergy Clin Immunol., 110, 641-646.

Loser, E. 1983. Long-term toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with 2,4/2,6-toluenediisocyanate (80/20) in rats and mice. Toxicolog Lett., 15, 71-81.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) (OSHA Form 20 or equivalent), Technical Data Sheets (TDS), etc., for Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate (MDI), Toluenediamine (TDA), Toluene Diisocyanate (TDI), etc. (Available from chemical suppliers.)

Mikoczy, Z., Welinder, H., Tinnerberg, H., and Hagmar, L. 2004. Cancer incidence and mortality of isocyanate exposed workers from the Swedish polyurethane foam industry: updated findings 1959-1998. J. Occup. Environ. Med, 61, 432-437.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1996. Preventing asthma and death from diisocyanate exposure: NIOSH Alert. Publication No. 96-111.

Ott, M.G., Diller, W.F., and Jolly, A.T. 2003. Respiratory Effects of Toluene Diisocyanate in the Workplace: A Discussion of Exposure-Response Relationships. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 33 (1), 1-59.

Ott, M.G., Klees, J.E., Poche, S.L. 2000. Respiratory health surveillance in a toluene di-isocyanate production unit, 1967-97- Clinical observations and lung function analyses. Occup Environ Med, 57, 43-52.

Pisati, G., Baruffini, A., Bernabeo, F., Cerri, S., Mangili, A. 2007. Rechallenging subjects with occupational asthma due to toluene diisocyanate (TDI), after long-term removal from exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 80, 298-305.

Redlich, C.A., Karol, M.H. 2002. Diisocyanate asthma: Clinical aspects and immunopathogenesis. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2, 213-224.

Reuzel, P.G., Art, J.H, Lomax, L.G., Kuypers, M.H., Kuper, C.F., Gembardt, C., Feron, V.J., and Loser, E. 1994. Chronic inhalation toxicity and carcinogenicity study of respirable polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (polymeric MDI) aerosol in rats. Fund. Appl. Toxicol., 22, 195-210.

Sangha, G.K. and Alarie, Y. 1979. Sensory irritation by toluene diisocyanate in single and repeated exposures. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 50, 533-547.

Schnorr et al. 1996. Mortality of workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate in the polyurethane foam industry. Occ. Environ. Med., 53, 70-707.